(1) the severity, frequency, and chronicity of violence in each family;Bancroft and Silverman (2002) further specified the potential sources for children to experience violence:
(2) the degree to which each child in the home is exposed to that violence;
(3) other risks to which a child may be exposed, such as domestic violence with new adult partners, caregiver substance abuse, or the presence of weapons in the home;
(4) the emotional and physical harm that exposure to violence produces for each child;
(5) the risk of future harm to the children;
(6) the unique individual coping skills that a child brings to the situation; and
(7) varying protective factors present in a child’s life, such as a caring parent or sibling, extended-family member, or other adult (16)
(1) Risk of exposure to threats or acts of violence towards their mother.
(2) Risk of [batterer] undermining mother-child relationships.
(3) Risk of physical or sexual abuse of the child by the batterer.
(4) Risk to children of the batterer as a role model.
(5) Risk of rigid, authoritarian parenting.
(6) Risk of neglectful or irresponsible parenting [especially by the batterer].
(7) Risk of psychological abuse and manipulation [especially by the batterer].
(8) Risk of abduction.
(9) Risk of exposure to violence in their father's new relationships. (2-4)
The latter risk factors are especially supported by research that studied the relationship between four factors in children: shame, anger, age, and type of abuse. Specifically, shame mediates between anger and maladaptive behavior problems, and children assessed with shame-proneness are at higher risk for behavior problems. In these cases, anger is typically not an adaptive strategy, but "in association with shame it may reflect hostility, a maladaptive, antisocial emotion." (Bennett et al 2005: 319)
